PD-L1 expression on tumor cells has high predictive value in melanoma and NSCLC and significance in angiosarcoma. Inhibiting immune suppression mediated by the PD-1 pathway is the basic principle of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. The combination of PD-1 and PD-L1 often leads to tumor immune escape. We further discuss combined treatments with the potential to improve efficacy.įull size table Predictive biomarkers of the efficacy of PD-1 blockade therapy PD-1/PD-L1 expression To facilitate precision medicine and burden reduction in patients, we provide examples of curative effect biomarkers and resistance mechanisms against anti-PD-1 therapy. Accordingly, resistance is a major limitation of anti-PD-1 therapy in clinical practice. Most patients do not respond to anti-PD-1 therapy (primary resistance), exhibit some initial sensitivity (adaptive resistance), or acquire resistance after relapse for example, one-quarter to one-third of patients with melanoma exhibit relapse and do not respond well to treatment (Table 1).

However, in many tumors, including non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell cancer (RCC), and melanoma, PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy is only effective in a small proportion of patients. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade was a major breakthrough in cancer therapy. PD-1, an immune checkpoint protein on T cells, binds to PD-L1 on tumor cells, promoting immune escape. The B7 family member, B7-H1 (PD-L1), plays an important role in this process. Tumors, on the other hand, evade attack by the immune system through a series of mechanisms known as “immune escape”. Tumor immunotherapy aims to eliminate tumors by enhancing the body’s own immunity.

Immunotherapy for cancer has unique advantages, including its precision and minimal side effects.

Sims 4 cancer mod 2018